ࡱ> \^[~3 jbjb^^ 8h<h<lnnnn8,Dn7*, 9 z""*@.@XXrnnXX77X  XGEOLOGY 326 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MAGMAS Magma = Molten rock material, with or w/o crystals or other suspended solids. May or may not contain dissolved gas phase (H2O or CO2) Vesicles = Bubbles of gas formed in magma Physical Properties of magma depend on: Temperature Density Volatile Content Viscosity All depend directly indirectly on composition. TEMPERATURE Basalt @ 1 atm: 1200-1250oC liquidus, 950-1000oC solidus. Rhyolite: Liquidus = 1050oC Hydrous solidus (with H2O) = 650 oC Anhydrous solidus (no H2O) = 750oC >> Rhyolite solidus defined as T where viscosity >1013 poise. >> Determined experimentally. Liquidus: Temperature where first crystals appear in the liquid. Solidus: Temperature where last drop of liquid disappears from rock. DENSITY Density controlled by magma composition: Fe wt% most important. In general, basalts are richer in Fe, Ca, and Ti than rhyolites; rhyolites are richer in Na, Al, and Si than basalts: Basalt magma: 2.65 to 2.80 gm/cm3 Andesite magma: 2.45 to 2.50 gm/cm3 Rhyolite magma: 2.18 to 2.25 gm/cm3 Density is also controlled by Temperature and Pressure. Higher Temperatures cause melts to Expand ===>> Lower Density Higher Pressures cause the melts to Compress == >> Higher Density VOLATILES H2O most abundant volatile in most magmas CO2 next most abundant volatile In general, Basalt magmas are DRY, i.e. H2O < 0.5 wt% MORB = 0.25% H2O Hawaiian Tholeiite = 0.5% H2O Alkali Olivine Basalt = 0.9% H2O Andesites, Rhyolites, Granites: Higher Water Contents Paricutin Andesite = 2.2% H2O at 1100oC Granites/Rhyolites wide range H2O: 0.5% to 7% H2O by weight. Water lowers viscosity: OH- ions act as Network Modifers, substitute for O2 in tetrahedra. Water lowers solidus temperature: Effect greater at higher pressures VISCOSITY Depends on melt structure: SiO4-4 tetrahedra form NETWORKS, = Network Former K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+ INTERRUPT network = Network Modifers Al 3+ = Either Modifer or Former; 2 coordination states: Al-6 & Al-4. >> Al-4 tetrahedra = AlO45- >> Needs K+ or Na+ to balance extra charge on tetrahedra. If K+ or Na+ not available, then AlVI becomes Network Modifer: Viscosity decreases with increasing temperature and high H2O, CO2. Some Natural Viscosities In Poise {= gm/cm-sec} H2O at 20oC 0.01 poiseglycerin 15 poiseErupting Hawaiian Basalt3 x 10 3 poise @ 1150o-1200oCRhyolite Magma108 to 1011 poise @ 700-750oCAsthenosphere 1022 poise @ 1400-1600oC ADIABATIC GRADIENTS AND GEOTHERMAL GRADIENTS As magmas rise they cool adiabatically , i.e., constant heat content. Adiabatic gradient = 0.3oC/km of ascent or 1oC/kb pressure. Kbar = 1000 x atmospheric pressure, 1 Kbar = 3.3 km approximately. Geothermal Gradient: Increase in Temperature with increasing Depth. >> Varies with Depth (Steeper curve at Low Pressures). >> Varies w/Location: Cratons> Called the GEOTHERM. >> MELTING occurs when Melting Curve (Solidus) intersects Geotherm.  MELTING CURVES: Clapeyron Equation: EMBED Unknown \* MERGEFORMAT Also EMBED Unknown \* MERGEFORMAT since EMBED Unknown \* MERGEFORMAT T = Temperature P = Pressure H = Enthalpy S = Entropy Liquids more random than solids so: EMBED Unknown \* MERGEFORMAT For DRY SYSTEMS: EMBED Unknown \* MERGEFORMAT Because EMBED Unknown \* MERGEFORMAT WET SYSTEMS: Anhydrous Crystals + H2O Vapor <==> Melt with Dissolved H2O Thus EMBED Unknown \* MERGEFORMAT AND EMBED Unknown \* MERGEFORMAT SILICATE MAGMAS (MacBirney, Appendix B) Bottinga Y and D F Weill 1970 Densities of liquid silicate systems calc from partial molar volumes of oxide components, AJS 269, 169-182. Bottinga and Weill, 1972, Viscosity of Magmatic Silicate Liquids A model for calculation, AJS 272, 438-475. PAGE 1 )+0 BCHv $%/0hj " M T   ' ( M N o z   ! 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(㣇#&d<@ fnfĔs2!&.7`{]t `˷mر#7h:<"R~+c*< qU(i~UiB_!I-ƅ| l$q%iZ5&/8iٱC @="Z(u哕$(YR^` V c= c? +A'X#A[HGnCYT(:#Af7bo0p ݌~F`F1 _ #?u N1 S d 8r`B-P(:)xtG~6fPJ48{B|-B\7mh+yzz_PJO+4CoVhFB@Lm6}Vkh;wawlGXՉ&j.wx㇘w1s~cN"霟&  ,iM}|7ui yoJ4v%.G*ɹ5AZbS6Rg0Xف% FbG0'\hDlߪf]'ؘ/ 2qR)[%ht/ƛ>c4:":] wVh8|@ (C34<'=茧< PIW#͓/eJ9|i?C@w ut>\qXI0oE- hމm<y6MYT3h$FD4 AyMY`+ eĿ y_r.MԹ&eQ,5dbeNd_7H"Hn1%G'1 Z`cߠ6t8`pe .3?kp UT==MJS` @Ϛعcm* ZߢRIe\iQiK?Nժ]xgw #mբ;تYMF0[^&W=X.눲nɴ9O&Vߘ?=I6F:qƺ_xt<¸\jd|1xdi(iψKnƺXF`du/CS9!dkz[(8۬q2acX>FϨ@QG݌QzSIZ|T37scT`QK>&>PU5Sk5S9)&+ 6{͔n#Ss5i|ò;~]ї]^R6VƞXY`& jTƐ)ٿ$Q۔oT7{*ԋ8m S^{J8>[z+9N' rdKܚWN]+w)?tAkܼ}rt}xS>vgν7mw^~w~ޛnҧ=΢~y5h<]wU'yt}S¼CjVYT}\w9.5T>K::A2C} }:oP{.vߦ6;}b@}|Է@Zh`'5r_bwy9*u7V]([)@}wQsMW S_k wDi~zo ޡ\t%3]N\iQwc~Jnq?vkߦ|-W.>:vQw sԹDpg|P~6G!MA۩i\@(g]] 1ЫB>p#1 x;z{R@hϡ%ܗ{4wD}gZ %\F˸=K @܆s >=%ߘ I2kz8Ik9ʋi9przu`P0,ЊskhC+_>rMŴ t~N}Я/x7ԙShjZWNM;nxsJcIr_߂!^_Jz@&CA{$( \Nx,~j —FotyLT|9g<9"N]Ʒ:o M?ow9t:9|S xsV#tD_L_wb~w>Nc4ӺNZt)v|9?Ii>?|A4:E<;]xs)CuJyӞW9I=D_ċ}n柁ک@X;_]Y䃠{;uLB].ފf&g߃t&oG33y3t*mg<0'pP} ..&(?љc6 UI R4/Y9SV;kã 1kEm:TWk5uwQNhLX7q*8i>i+ $-~הn26㑹,H G++ʢMDd>"%^h|ח\(JхEu5xp=!Sg?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ]`xacbdgefihljknmqopsrwtuvy|z{}Root Entry= FZl_DData WordDocument<8ObjectPool? lZl_978281560F l lOle CompObj7ObjInfo  !"#$%&'()*+23456789:;<=>?@GHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXY[abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvx~F Equation.31ELODD(I ,,4MSWD5dxpr  4"4 currentpoint ",Times .4(J+ 6dP*idT"OX, Symbol(hh=(6DOlePres000 lOle10Native =Ole10FmtProgID _978281562 F l l).H(T)*D)-V OO(30 dict begin currentpoint 3 -1 roll sub neg 3 1 roll sub 2368 div 1280 3 -1 roll exch div scale currentpoint translate 64 50 translate 46 396 moveto /fs 0 def /sf {exch dup /fs exch def dup neg matrix scale makefont setfont} def /f1 {findfont dup /cf exch def sf} def /ns {cf sf} def 576 /Times-Italic f1 (dP) show 40 1186 moveto (dT) show /thick 0 def /th { dup setlinewidth /thick exch def } def 8 th 0 602 moveto 722 0 rlineto stroke 764 750 moveto 576 /Symbol f1 (=) show 1294 396 moveto 576 /Symbol f1 (D) show 1646 396 moveto 576 /Times-Italic f1 (H) show 1151 1186 moveto (T) show 1471 1186 moveto 576 /Symbol f1 (D) show 1823 1186 moveto 576 /Times-Italic f1 (V) show 1121 602 moveto 1129 0 rlineto stroke end 9 dPdT=DHTDV Equation.3Ole CompObj 7ObjInfoOlePres000HF Equation.31ELO  1O ,,MMSWDNdxpr  !+"+ currentpoint "!,Times . (@+-JdP*idT"c)X, Symbol(|=(JD).S(D).V"cd30 dict begin currentpoint 3 -1 roll sub neg 3 1 roll sub 2048 div 1280 3 -1 roll exch div scale currentpoint translate 64 50 translate 46 396 moveto /fs 0 def /sf {exch dup /fs exch def dup neg matrix scale makefont setfont} def /f1 {findfont dup /cf exch def sf} def /ns {cf sf} def 576 /Times-Italic f1 (dP) show 40 1186 moveto (dT) show /thick 0 def /th { dup setlinewidth /thick exch def } def 8 th 0 602 moveto 722 0 rlineto stroke 764 750 moveto 576 /Symbol f1 (=) show 1217 396 moveto 576 /Symbol f1 (D) show 1569 396 moveto 576 /Times-Italic f1 (S) show 1166 1186 moveto 576 /Symbol f1 (D) show 1518 1186 moveto 576 /Times-Italic f1 (V) show 1121 602 moveto 824 0 rlineto stroke end 6 dPdT=DSDV Equation.3F Equation.31ELOOle10Native,:Ole10FmtProgID -_978281564F lZlOle .CompObj/7ObjInfo0OlePres0001Ole10NativeA(<_ ,,MSWDdxpr  )BI"I currentpoint ")B, Symbol .(?+FD,Times).S)*=(_D).H(T"xla30 dict begin currentpoint 3 -1 roll sub neg 3 1 roll sub 2016 div 1280 3 -1 roll exch div scale currentpoint translate 64 50 translate -3 750 moveto /fs 0 def /sf {exch dup /fs exch def dup neg matrix scale makefont setfont} def /f1 {findfont dup /cf exch def sf} def /ns {cf sf} def 576 /Symbol f1 (D) show 349 750 moveto 576 /Times-Italic f1 (S) show 669 750 moveto 576 /Symbol f1 (=) show 1071 396 moveto 576 /Symbol f1 (D) show 1423 396 moveto 576 /Times-Italic f1 (H) show 1280 1186 moveto (T) show /thick 0 def /th { dup setlinewidth /thick exch def } def 8 th 1026 602 moveto 872 0 rlineto stroke end $ DS=DHT Equation.3F Equation.31ELO. ,,MSWDdxOle10FmtProgID B_978281565 'FZlZlOle CCompObjD7ObjInfoEOlePres000FOle10NativeZyOle10FmtProgID \pr  8K" currentpoint "8K, Symbol .O5(rOD,Times).S )&fusion )O=).S )%liquid )G-).S )%crystals )`=).+)2Always30 dict begin currentpoint 3 -1 roll sub neg 3 1 roll sub 6304 div 608 3 -1 roll exch div scale currentpoint translate 64 52 translate -3 396 moveto /fs 0 def /sf {exch dup /fs exch def dup neg matrix scale makefont setfont} def /f1 {findfont dup /cf exch def sf} def /ns {cf sf} def 576 /Symbol f1 (D) show 349 396 moveto 576 /Times-Italic f1 (S) show 637 396 moveto 224 ns (fusion) show 1219 396 moveto 576 /Symbol f1 (=) show 1571 396 moveto 576 /Times-Italic f1 (S) show 1859 396 moveto 224 ns (liquid) show 2427 396 moveto 576 /Symbol f1 (-) show 2778 396 moveto 576 /Times-Italic f1 (S) show 3066 396 moveto 224 ns (crystals) show 3798 396 moveto 576 /Symbol f1 (=) show 4150 396 moveto (+) show 4533 396 moveto 576 /Times-Italic f1 (Always) show end u DS fusion =S liquid -S crystals =+Always Equation.3F Equation.31ELO_978281567"FZlZlOle ]CompObj!$^7ObjInfo_OlePres000#%`Ole10Native&wnOle10FmtProgID y_978281568 .)FZlZljj5 ,,mMSWDndxpr  " currentpoint ",Times .N(+QdP*hdT"bT, Symbol(z=(Q>+).D).S(6+).D)-V b6b(z=)6Positive)_).Slope30 dict begin currentpoint 3 -1 roll sub neg 3 1 roll sub 6496 div 1280 3 -1 roll exch div scale currentpoint translate 64 35 translate 30 396 moveto /fs 0 def /sf {exch dup /fs exch def dup neg matrix scale makefont setfont} def /f1 {findfont dup /cf exch def sf} def /ns {cf sf} def 576 /Times-Italic f1 (dP) show 24 1186 moveto (dT) show /thick 0 def /th { dup setlinewidth /thick exch def } def 8 th 0 553 moveto 690 0 rlineto stroke 796 701 moveto 576 /Symbol f1 (=) show 1294 396 moveto (+) show 1649 396 moveto 576 /Symbol f1 (D) show 2001 396 moveto 576 /Times-Italic f1 (S) show 1244 1186 moveto 576 /Symbol f1 (+) show 1599 1186 moveto 576 /Symbol f1 (D) show 1951 1186 moveto 576 /Times-Italic f1 (V) show 1217 553 moveto 1145 0 rlineto stroke 2468 701 moveto 576 /Symbol f1 (=) show 2898 701 moveto 576 /Times-Italic f1 (Positive) show 4765 701 moveto 576 /Times-Roman f1 (_) show 5112 701 moveto 576 /Times-Italic f1 (Slope) show end j  dPdT=+DS+DV=Positive_Slope Equation.3F Equation.31ELO$ ,,MSWDdxpr  #r"r currentpoiOle zCompObj(+{7ObjInfo|OlePres000*,}nt "#, Symbol .Os(]D,Times).V ).fusion )W=)2V ).liquid )O-)2V ).crystals )h=)6+).Always30 dict begin currentpoint 3 -1 roll sub neg 3 1 roll sub 6784 div 608 3 -1 roll exch div scale currentpoint translate 64 52 translate -3 396 moveto /fs 0 def /sf {exch dup /fs exch def dup neg matrix scale makefont setfont} def /f1 {findfont dup /cf exch def sf} def /ns {cf sf} def 576 /Symbol f1 (D) show 349 396 moveto 576 /Times-Italic f1 (V) show 700 396 moveto 224 ns (fusion) show 1346 396 moveto 576 /Symbol f1 (=) show 1742 396 moveto 576 /Times-Italic f1 (V) show 2093 396 moveto 224 ns (liquid) show 2709 396 moveto 576 /Symbol f1 (-) show 3088 396 moveto 576 /Times-Italic f1 (V) show 3439 396 moveto 224 ns (crystals) show 4235 396 moveto 576 /Symbol f1 (=) show 4651 396 moveto (+) show 5018 396 moveto 576 /Times-Italic f1 (Always) show end v  DV fusion =V liquid -V crystals =+Always Equation.3F Equation.31ELOzz ,Ole10Native-zOle10FmtProgID _97828156950FZlZlOle CompObj/27ObjInfoOlePres00013Ole10Native4,yMSWDzdxpr  hdV"dV currentpoint "h, Symbol .P/(OlD,Times).V ).fusion )W=)2V ).liquid )O-)2V ).crystals)d+)vapor )S=)7Negative(OG_)2Always30 dict begin currentpoint 3 -1 roll sub neg 3 1 roll sub 9696 div 608 3 -1 roll exch div scale currentpoint translate 64 52 translate -3 396 moveto /fs 0 def /sf {exch dup /fs exch def dup neg matrix scale makefont setfont} def /f1 {findfont dup /cf exch def sf} def /ns {cf sf} def 576 /Symbol f1 (D) show 349 396 moveto 576 /Times-Italic f1 (V) show 700 396 moveto 224 ns (fusion) show 1346 396 moveto 576 /Symbol f1 (=) show 1742 396 moveto 576 /Times-Italic f1 (V) show 2093 396 moveto 224 ns (liquid) show 2709 396 moveto 576 /Symbol f1 (-) show 3088 396 moveto 576 /Times-Italic f1 (V) show 3439 396 moveto 224 ns (crystals) show 4223 396 moveto 224 /Symbol f1 (+) show 4434 396 moveto 224 /Times-Italic f1 (vapor) show 5062 396 moveto 576 /Symbol f1 (=) show 5503 396 moveto 576 /Times-Italic f1 (Negative) show 7562 396 moveto 576 /Times-Roman f1 (_) show 7939 396 moveto 576 /Times-Italic f1 (Always) show end   DV fusion =V liquid -V crystals+vapor =Negative_Always Equation.3F Equation.31ELOnnA} ,,4MSWD5dxpr  4r" currentpoiOle10FmtProgID _9782815717FZlZlOle CompObj697ObjInfoOlePres0008:Ole10Native;mOle10FmtProgID nt "4r,Times .O((jdP*hdT"zX, Symbol(=(j+)2D).S(-)-D).V  (=).Negative(_).Slope30 dict begin currentpoint 3 -1 roll sub neg 3 1 roll sub 6496 div 1280 3 -1 roll exch div scale currentpoint translate 64 50 translate 46 396 moveto /fs 0 def /sf {exch dup /fs exch def dup neg matrix scale makefont setfont} def /f1 {findfont dup /cf exch def sf} def /ns {cf sf} def 576 /Times-Italic f1 (dP) show 40 1186 moveto (dT) show /thick 0 def /th { dup setlinewidth /thick exch def } def 8 th 0 602 moveto 722 0 rlineto stroke 764 750 moveto 576 /Symbol f1 (=) show 1213 396 moveto (+) show 1568 396 moveto 576 /Symbol f1 (D) show 1920 396 moveto 576 /Times-Italic f1 (S) show 1163 1186 moveto 576 /Symbol f1 (-) show 1516 1186 moveto 576 /Symbol f1 (D) show 1868 1186 moveto 576 /Times-Italic f1 (V) show 1121 602 moveto 1174 0 rlineto stroke 2337 750 moveto 576 /Symbol f1 (=) show 2714 750 moveto 576 /Times-Italic f1 (Negative) show 4789 750 moveto 576 /Times-Roman f1 (_) show 5120 750 moveto 576 /Times-Italic f1 (Slope) show end i dPdT=+DS-DV=Negative_Slope Equation.3 Oh+'0EUv_ɢ. 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ShervaisrdohnohnNormal John W. Shervaisrd4hnMicrosoft Word 9.0d@ @e@c!D@11l0}  ՜.+,0$ hp  'University of South Carolinah V  326Week2 Title 326Week2 i4@4NormalCJOJQJkHmH <A@<Default Paragraph Font, @,Footer       !2)@2 Page Number OJQJkH tabbed dataU$ >p@ P !$`'0*-/2p5@8]a$CJOJQJkH'D"DNORMAL%$ @  !@8a$8+8 zzzzzzK F  0*   u) 4 DLp \ z | 7UW_}:::::::: !@G 7@AIsvz KUZ]f s " ) 6 > Y b >FKP John ShervaisAHome Boy/zip:CLASSES:Geol 326:G326_Lecture Notes:326Week1B_Magmas John ShervaisAMephisto:CLASSES:Geol 4500 USU:Geol 4500_Lecture:326Week1B_MagmasJohn W. Shervais-Mephisto:CLASSES:Geol 4500 USU:4500/#2_Magmas( Z h s t    @Am@ @GTimes New Roman5Symbol3 ArialM,New Century Schlbk3Times9Palatino7 Chicago7Courier"AC1Fxf$I&0} $;0Vz;326Week2John W. ShervaisJohn W. Shervais FMicrosoft Word DocumentNB6WWord.Document.8