ࡱ>  "]3 jbjb^^ .h<h<~l6666 Vj<6h%'''''',H h SS%66%`[ 66 hh  STRUCTURE OF EARTH  EMBED Word.Picture.6  P waves = Primary waves = Pressure waves S waves = Secondary waves = Shear waves (Don't penetrate liquids) CRUST < 50-70 km thick MANTLE = 2900 km thick OUTER CORE (Liquid) = 3200 km thick INNER CORE (Solid) = 1300 km radius. STRUCTURE OF EARTH CRUST : Conrad discontinuity = upper / lower crust boundary Mohorovicic discontinuity = base of Continental Crust (35-50 km continents; 6-8 km oceans) MANTLE: Lithosphere = Rigid Mantle < 100 km depth Asthenosphere = Plastic Mantle > 150 km depth Low Velocity Zone = Partially Melted, 100-150 km depth Upper Mantle < 440 km Transition Zone = 440-660 km --> Velocity increases rapidly Lower Mantle = 660 - 2900 km Outer Core (Liquid) 2900-5100 km Inner Core (Solid) 5100-6400 km Center = 6400 km UPPER MANTLE AND MAGMA GENERATION A. Composition of Earth Density of the Bulk Earth (Uncompressed) = 5.45 gm/cm3 Densities of Common Rocks: Granite = 2.55 gm/cm3 Basalt = 2.85 gm/cm3 Peridotite, Eclogite = 3.2 to 3.4 gm/cm3 Density of the CORE (estimated) = 7.2 gm/cm3 Fe-metal = 8.0 gm/cm3, Ni-metal = 8.5 gm/cm3 EARTH must contain a mix of Rock and Metal . Stony meteorites Remains of broken planets Planetary Interior Rock=Stony Meteorites Chondrites = Olivine, Pyroxene, Metal (Fe-Ni) Metal = Fe-Ni Meteorites Core density = 7.2 gm/cm3 -- Too Light for Pure Fe-Ni Light elements = O2 (FeO) or S (FeS) B. How do we know constitution of upper mantle ?? 1. Seismic constraints: Mantle P wave velocity = 8.0 km/sec >> Corresponds to Density of about 3.2 g/cm3 >> Peridotite, Eclogite only common rocks w/density 3.2 g/cm3 >> Eclogite = Garnet + Na-Mg Pyroxene = Basalt compostion >> Peridotite = Olivine + Enstatite + Diopside Spinel, Garnet, Plag 2. Stony meteorites same mineralogy as Peridotites: Olivine (65%), Opx (22%), Cpx (10%) C. Where do we see Peridotite ?? Xenoliths in basalts, kimberlites >> Magmas of Deep origin Alpine Peridotites >> Tectonic slices of upper mantle in mountain belts. Oceanic Fracture zones >> Uplifted pieces of oceanic mantle D. Peridotite Facies in the Mantle Some Solid State Reactions: CaAl2Si2O8 (An) + 2*Mg2SiO4 (Fo) <=> CaMgSi2O6 (Di) + MgAl2O4 (Sp) + MgSiO3 (En) Plagioclase Peridotite <==> Spinel Peridotite { 8-9 kb = 25-30 km } 4 * MgSiO3 (En) + MgAl2O4 (Sp) <==> Mg3Al2Si3O12 (Gt) + Mg2SiO4 (Fo) Spinel Peridotite <==> Garnet Peridotite { 20-25 kb = 65-80 km } No Plagioclase Peridotite Under Continental Crust -- Too Deep  PHASE RELATIONS MELTING IN THE MANTLE One way that mantle peridotites may melt is by plastic flow of large regions toward the surface (i.e., lower pressures). These regions form blobs called DIAPIRS. Diapirs rise with nearly constant heat content --> follow ADIABAT. Diapirs rise above the regional Geothermal Gradient and perturb the local geotherm. Because the Adiabatic gradient (1oC/kbar) is much steeper than the slope of the Solidus (10oC/kbar), the Diapir will eventually intersect the solidus and begin to melt. WHAT CAUSES DEEPER MANTLE TO RISE UPWARD ?? Radioactive heat production in deep mantle (U, Th, K): Heating expands mantle --> less dense --> rises. Heat from Core transferred to deep mantle: Heating expands mantle --> less dense --> rises. Movement of dense, depleted mantle and/or ocean crust (eclogite) into deep mantle: Deeper mantle must rise to compensate. 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SHERVAIS - OHNNormal John W. Shervais - 5hnMicrosoft Word 9.0 @@@]  ՜.+,0 hp  'Univ South Carolinau   326Week4A Title iL@LNormal$ @8a$CJOJQJkH'mH <A@<Default Paragraph Font2@2Header @8!2 @2Footer @8!&)@& Page NumberzO"z tabbed dataB 5p@ P !$`'0*-/2p5]CJOJQJkH' z z z z z2l_ ""   z w46:LV7@CK]a)4     " $ ( , 7 < @ G  , 3 : > E K j q ~ John Shervais@Home Boy/zip:CLASSES:Geol 326:G326_Lecture Notes:326Week4_Mantle John Shervais@Mephisto:CLASSES:Geol 4500 USU:Geol 4500_Lecture:326Week4_MantleJohn W. Shervais-Mephisto:CLASSES:Geol 4500 USU:4500/#7_Mantle*8t @h ^`OJQJo(}@z z z u ~` @GTimes New Roman5Symbol3 ArialMNew Century Schlbk3Times9MNew York5 Geneva71MCourier!A d$I&kyF  !;0du u @; 326Week4APetology Lectures - Week 4JOHN W. SHERVAISJohn W. Shervais FMicrosoft Word DocumentNB6WWord.Document.8