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| 1 |
Around 1910 in Germany, a horse named Clever Hans showed himself able to communicate correct answers to any questions he was asked, in any language. Who besides Hans's owner was convinced of the horse's intellectual abilities? |
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no one |
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the general public but not the scientific community |
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only a few isolated scientists who were predisposed to believe in animal intelligence and let themselves be fooled by the owner's tricks |
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many scientists, including a number of eminent zoologists and psychologists |
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| 2 |
Pfungst showed that Clever Hans's ability to answer questions depended on: |
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hearing intentional signals given by his master. |
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hearing unintentional signals given by anyone present who knew the answer. |
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seeing intentional signals given by his master. |
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seeing unintentional signals given by anyone present who knew the answer. |
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| 3 |
Which of the following is most explicitly designed to help a researcher decide how much confidence to place in a specific conclusion based on data? |
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descriptive statistics |
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inferential statistics |
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measures of central tendency |
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correlation coefficients |
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| 4 |
Which of the following correlation coefficients would indicate the strongest correlation theoretically possible? |
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–0.30 |
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0.00 |
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–1.00 |
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3.00 |
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| 5 |
As a technical term, error refers to: |
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nonrandom (directed) effects caused by some factor extraneous to the research hypothesis. |
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increased randomness in results. |
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the use of improper statistical procedures in data analysis. |
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observer-expectancy and subject-expectancy effects influencing the results. |
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| 6 |
The arithmetic average of a set of scores is the: |
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mean. |
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standard deviation. |
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median. |
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correlation coefficient. |
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| 7 |
A psychologist hypothesized that highly stressful childhood experiences are associated with mental distress later on in adulthood. To test this hypothesis, she identified a group of people who had suffered such experiences in childhood and a group who hadn't, and then determined how many in each group had experienced a period of severe mental distress in adulthood as defined by inpatient psychiatric treatment for two weeks or longer. This study is an example of a(n): |
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experiment. |
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correlational study. |
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descriptive study. |
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psychoanalytic study. |
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| 8 |
Which of the following is an example of naturalistic observation? |
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watching workers on an assembly line in a factory to see how they adjust to stressful situations |
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varying the tempo of music played in a bar and observing whether more alcohol is consumed when the tempo is faster |
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determining the relationship between high school S.A.T. scores and college grade-point averages |
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depriving rats of water for six hours and measuring their general level of activity during this period |
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| 9 |
Psychological tests cover a wide range, including reaction-time tests, intelligence tests, personality profiles, and animal mazes. The one characteristic typical of all psychological tests is that they: |
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involve naturalistic observation. |
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measure naturally occurring behavior. |
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measure artificial behavior. |
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present a stimulus to subjects whose response is then recorded. |
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| 10 |
Using inferential statistics to compare the scores of two different groups, the likelihood that the results will be statistically significant is greatest if (1) the difference between the means is _______, (2) the number of individual subjects or observations within each group is _______, and (3) the variability within each group is _______. |
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(1) large, (2) large, (3) large |
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(1) small, (2) large, (3) large |
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(1) large, (2) small, (3) large |
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(1) large, (2) large, (3) small |
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