Chapter 15 - Personality

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1 Trait theories differ from other personality theories in that trait theories focus mainly on ________, whereas other theories are primarily concerned with ________.
cognitive constructs; human motives
human motives; cognitive constructs
general explanations of behavior; individual differences
individual differences; general explanations of behavior
2 Which of the following is not a goal in the construction of an ideal trait theory?
explain the personality differences among individuals rather than merely describe them
specify a set of independent central traits that do not correlate with each other
account for the greatest amount of meaningful psychological variation among individuals with a minimum number of central traits
specify a manageable set of personality distinctions that can be used to summarize the fundamental psychological differences among individuals
3 After what age does personality, as assessed by the Big-Five personality characteristics, become considerably more stable?
50
30
20
15
4 Mischel and Peake repeatedly assessed by direct observation 19 different forms of behavior presumed to be related to the trait conscientiousness in a group of college students. Included were measures of class attendance, promptness in completing assignments, bed neatness, and neatness of class notes. The researchers found ________ consistency within each type of measure and ________ consistency across the different measures associated with conscientiousness.
high; equally high
high; relatively low
low; equally low
low; relatively high
5 Eysenck believed that introversion-extroversion, is a trait determined by:
environmental influences.
unconscious processes.
physiological characteristics of the central nervous system.
expectancies about personal ability and control of rewards.
6 Neuroticism has been correlated with a lower level of transport of the neurotransmitter ________ back into presynaptic neurons.
serotonin
dopamine
norepinephrine
acetylcholine
7 We are told that someone named Chris is highly neurotic, agreeable, and open to experience according to personality-test scores. Assuming that Chris is a fairly typical member of his or her gender, our best prediction would be that Chris is ________ because we know that ________.
male; males generally have much greater openness to experience than do females
female; females are somewhat more likely than males to test higher for neuroticism and much more likely than males to test higher for agreeableness
male; males are much more likely than females to test high on neuroticism
as likely to be male as female; there are no significant differences between males and females on these particular personality dimensions
8 Which of the following types of clues did Freud use to learn about the contents of a patient's unconscious mind?
dreams
slips of the tongue
uncensored reporting of the patient's thoughts
all of the above
9 According to psychodynamic theories, the unconscious mind disguises the true causes and meanings of behavior in order to:
save the conscious mind from feeling too much disappointment if the goals of behavior are not achieved.
protect the conscious mind from knowledge that would threaten self-esteem and lead to anxiety.
trick the conscious mind into carrying out its wishes without further delay from rationalization.
spare the conscious mind the processing effort that would be necessary to deal with such extreme complication.
10 George Vaillant compared men whom he categorized as having immature, intermediate, or mature defensive styles. He found that, as a group, those who used mature defenses:
did not differ from the other groups in their level of life satisfaction.
were rated higher than the other groups on measures of success in love but not in work.
were rated higher than the other groups on measures of success in work but not in love.
were rated higher than the other groups on measures of success in love and work and in self-reported happiness.