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Legal References

 

Litigation Log
A collection of legal cases that will help service providers and administrators make educational decisions.

Due Process
William Smith v. Special School District, No. 1
No. 98-1485
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit
July 15, 1999
(30 IDELR 805)

This case upheld the due process proceedings and time deadlines in IDEA. The court found in favor of the school system as the student and his parents failed to show violations of the procedural rights under IDEA.


Eligibility
Norton v. Orinda Union School District
No. 97-17029
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
February 25, 1999
(29 IDELR 1068)

A learning disability with a severe discrepancy between ability and achievement is not enough to qualify for IDEA, but the need for specialized instruction must also be present. This case transcript is not available on the internet and has restrictions on publication or citing.


Timothy W. v. Rochester NH School Dist.
875 F.2d 954
U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit
1989
(IDELR 441:393)

FAPE must be provided regardless of the severity of the child's disability and may not be refused based upon the determination that the child would not benefit from the educational services. This case transcript is not available on the internet due to the age of the case.


Evaluation (and Private School Reimbursement)

Warren G. and Grant G. v. Cumberland County School District
Nos. 98-7512 and 98-7517
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
August 25, 1999
(31 IDELR 27)

Parents were reimbursed for private school tuition and the cost of independent educational evaluations after the school district's evaluations were found to be inadequate.


FAPE
Edward P. Springer v. The Fairfax County School
No. 97-1482
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit
January 23, 1998
(27 IDELR 367)

Neither social maladjustment nor delinquent behavior alone qualifies a child exhibiting the behavior as emotionally disturbed under IDEA.


Hendrick Hudson Dist. Bd. of Ed. v. Rowley
458 U.S. 176
U.S. Supreme Court
June 28, 1982
(from the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, No. 80-1002)
(IDELR 553:656)

FAPE is provided when the IEP provides individualized instruction and support services to give educational benefit to the child with a disability.


O'Toole v. Olathe District Schools

No. 97-3125
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit
May 19, 1998
(28 IDELR 177)

IDEA does not require the school, in providing FAPE, to offer the optimal educational program for a child.


Ridgewood Board of Education v. M.E.

No. 98-6276
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
March 30, 1999
(30 IDELR 41)

This case defined a standard for FAPE indicating the IEP and placement must offer "significant learning" and provide "meaningful benefit".


LRE/Inclusion
Daniel R.R. v. State Board of Education
No. 88-1279
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit
June 12, 1989
(IDELR 441:433)

Although IDEA requires children with disabilities to be educated with children who are nondisabled to the maximum extent appropriate, the school is not required to mainstream a child with a disability if the regular education classroom setting is unable to meet the educational needs of the child and provide FAPE. This case created a two part test of the appropriateness of the placement: 1) may the child be educated satisfactorily in a regular classroom with supplementary aids an services, including a comparison of the benefits a child will receive from the regular classroom as opposed to the segregated, special education classroom and the possible negative effects of inclusion on the other students in the classroom, and 2) has the school mainstreamed the child to the maximum extent possible.


Oberti v. Board of Education
No. 92-5462
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
May 28, 1993
(19 IDELR 908)

The court held that the school district bears the burden of proving compliance with the least restrictive environment requirement of IDEA.


Sacramento City School Dist. v. Rachel H.
No. 92-15608
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
January 24, 1994
(20 IDELR 1115)

A four part test was used in this determination of LRE: 1) the educational benefits of placement in a regular class with appropriate aids and services 2) the non-academic benefits of interaction with non-disabled children 3) the effect of the disabled child on the teacher and other students in the classroom 4) the cost of mainstreaming the child with a disability.


Placement

Burlington School Comm. v. Mass. Dept. of Ed.
471 U.S. 359
U.S. Supreme Court
April 29, 1985
(from the U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit, No. 84-433)
(IDELR 556:389)

Parents may receive reimbursement for tuition for an unilateral private school placement if the public school district did not provide an appropriate IEP or FAPE and the private school is an appropriate placement.


Carlisle Area School v. Scott P.
Nos. 94-7520 and 94-7539
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
August 8, 1995
(23 IDELR 293)

Compensatory education may be awarded when the IEP was found by the court to be inappropriate and FAPE was not provided. Bad faith is not required. In this case the compensatory education was denied.


Daniel O. v. Missouri State Board of Ed.

No. 99-2792
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit
April 19, 2000
(30 IDELR 588)

The school district may require a parent or other qualified adult be present during homebound instruction. The school district and instructor refused to administer medications, requiring the available parent or other qualified adult to be responsible. The court agreed with the school district.


Edward P. Springer v. The Fairfax County School
No. 97-1482
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit
January 23, 1998
(27 IDELR 367)

Neither social maladjustment nor delinquent behavior alone qualifies a child exhibiting the behavior as emotionally disturbed under IDEA.


Ridgewood Board of Education v. M.E.
No. 98-6276
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
March 30, 1999
(30 IDELR 41)

This case defined a standard for FAPE indicating the IEP and placement must offer "significant learning" and provide "meaningful benefit".


Related Services
Cedar Rapids Community School District v. Garret F.
No. 96-1793
U.S. Supreme Court
March 3, 1999
(from the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit)
(29 IDELR 966)

"Medical services" are not provided under IDEA. In this case, the Court affirmed the ruling under Tatro that "medical services" are those that must be provided by a physician. The Court also ruled that school health services provided by non-physicians, when these services are needed for a child to attend school, are required as related services under IDEA.


Irving Independent School Dist. v. Tatro
468 U.S. 883
U.S. Supreme Court
July 5, 1984
(from the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, No. 83-558)
(IDELR 555:511)

This case affirmed some services perceived as medical to be school health related services and created a three prong "bright-line" test: 1) the child with a disability must qualify under IDEA for special education, 2) the services is necessary to aid the child with a disability to benefit from special education, and 3) the service must be able to be provided by a qualified person other than a physician. The bright line test is used to determine whether or not a specific service is considered to be a related service (fundable under IDEA) or a medical service (not fundable under IDEA).

About the Litigation Log

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act Amendments of 1997 (a.k.a. IDEA or P. L. 105-17), is the statute that was passed by Congress and signed into law on June 4, 1997. It is the basis for the regulations which were issued by the U.S. Department of Education on March 12, 1999.
Disagreements about application of the law or regulations are sometimes settled in the federal court system. There are about 100 federal district courts and 13 federal courts of appeals. Each of these 13 appellate courts hears federal cases arising in their own region, or circuit. Decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court are binding everywhere in the U.S., but decisions made in federal courts of appeals only are binding in the area served by that court. There may be standards relevant to you that have been set by federal district courts, state courts, state law or regulation, or local policy, so please use this site only for educational purposes and to study general guidelines.

If your Federal Circuit Court has set a clear standard, you may be able to easily apply the standard. If there is no standard established in your circuit or you would like to get a broader view, consider the standards set in other circuits. This site is designed to be useful for service providers and administrators. It is researched and written by staff with experience in those areas; attorneys did not write it. We have made every effort to include only cases that are helpful in making educational decisions and to accurately reflect legal decisions in practical terms. The resources here are not meant to be the final word on court cases and certainly do not replace the need for attorneys. Those who need more definitive analysis of these or other cases should consult an attorney or law library.